The Realistic Views of Miss Jane Pittman Essay Example

The Realistic Views of Miss Jane Pittman Paper Gaines tells his story of struggle and triumph through his character, Jane Pitman. Although this Is a fictional novel, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pitman portrays many realistic views and events that occurred In the late 19th century, during and after slavery. Throughout the novel, many slaves experience a realistic loss of a close friend or relative (Carmen 72-73). When the slaves attempt to run away in small groups, they get separated. The white plantation owners chase after them with guns and dogs. While Jane, only 12, and Ned, her recently met friend, are hiding, Needs mother is shot and killed by a Confederate soldier. Later in the novel, Jane meets two young brothers, Timmy and Tee-Bob. Timmy is black and Tee-Bob is white. Because it is so hard for them to live with a white father and black mother, Tee-Bob commits seclude. Although there are only few scenes In which slaves are trying to escape, they are so dramatic and well-characterized, the reader can understand what the slaves were going Karachi 2 through. One of the very first scenes In the novel describes Jane and a few other slaves running away to Ohio. They are later chased by their owners and Jane, along with her small group, are shot at. While traveling to Ohio, Jane gets lost several times and struggles in search of food, but overall she never gives up. Gaines gives lane the characteristics of determination, physical endurance, and a lack of self-pity Sometimes the African-Americans lose each other for a more (Carmen 65). Positive reason. Many of them leave their homes in search of a better life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Realistic Views of Miss Jane Pittman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Realistic Views of Miss Jane Pittman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Realistic Views of Miss Jane Pittman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, when Ned grows up, he decides to leave and Join the Union army. Most of the African-Americans are determined to head North to escape from the struggles of racism (62). The scenes Gaines Illustrates with death and separation are described so well, its as if the reader is actually there. Ernest Gaines shows us how often death ND separation from slave families occurred in the 19th century and how tragic and realistic it actually was. Living with racism is the toughest struggle the African- Americans had to overcome. Carmen says of Gaines readers: .. Hey receive a vivid Impression of the kinds of guerilla tactics that terrorized people of color and forced them to submit to the De facto slavery system that persisted well into the 20th 1 OFF cent I nurturing ten wangle story, even Walt ten war Dealing over, most Attract Americans were treated with no respect. While the war was still in effect, most slaves were forced to live in inhumane conditions. Most slaves live in small qu arters, ancient structures (Bloom 34), serving as homes. Readers see how horrible the conditions of the houses really were. They were so badly kept that many slaves developed sickness causing death. Even with this cruel Karachi 3 treatment, Gaines shows them willing to fight for small human pleasures, such as food or friendship (Bloom 32). For example, with the war over, the free African Americans are still willing to work with their plantation owners Just for food and shelter. Not all white people in the novel are racist; Gaines also illustrates white people who do not believe in slavery. He lets the readers know that whites are not all selfish and inconsiderate. For example, he mentions a respectable Union soldier. The soldier gives Jane her name. Before then, she was known as Dicey. The soldier changes it because he says Dicey is a black name. He does not want her to be treated like a slave or working, since she is only a child. He demands that Jane get break from working and begins a conversation with the girl. The Union soldier explains to Jane that he lives in Ohio and slavery is not tolerated there. After meeting this soldier, Jane is determined to travel to Ohio (Stanley, deed. 83). The Union soldiers n the book, along with real life, both disagreed with slavery. The soldiers hated seeing the African Americans treated as slaves. In the book there are many new beginnings for the slaves. In reality with all the African-American slaves, many had trouble finding new homes and Jobs. Although today along with the novel, the war ended and slavery is now over, African-Americans still find struggles in racism. The book shows how many former slaves stay and live with their old plantation owners so that they have food and a place to live. At one point, Jane agrees to live and work for a plantation in return for a home. Other former slaves were determined to go out on their own and be free such as Ned when he leaves for the North. Karachi 4 Ernest Gaines main purpose of the novel was to depict the clash between youth and age. Bloom says, His concern is for the ways in which people attempt to hold on to or break from the past, and adjust to the present or influence the future (Bloom 33). Canes point of view changes along with her age. As she grows older she becomes more of an observer rather than a fighter. Her struggles throughout her past continue to stay with her and make her stronger all the way till her death (Harpoon 103). In real life people will recover from rigorous situations or learn from their mistakes, and this makes them stronger. After reading The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pitman, readers will see how factual and truthful the story really is. Gauged once stated, Gaines creation is so successful, his rendering of Canes voice is so convincing, that many readers will come to believe Jane was a living person, not a fictional character (Carmen 62). Gaines takes facts from the past and turns them into a fictional story. The reader will find that every single event that occurs in The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pitman could nave napped EAI In real Tie

Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift Review

Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift Review There are few great satirists who manage to judge their work so finely that it can be considered both a rip-roaring, fantastical adventure story suitable for children and adults alike, as well as a searing attack on the nature of society. In his Gullivers Travels, Jonathon Swift has done precisely that and has bestowed upon us one of the great works of English literature in the process. A tale recognized far more widely than it is read, the story of Gullivera traveler who is, in turns, a giant, a tiny figure, a king and an idiotis both excellent fun, as well as thoughtful, witty and wise. The First Voyage The travels that are referenced in Swifts title are four in number and always begin with an unfortunate incident that leaves Gulliver shipwrecked, abandoned, or otherwise lost at sea. On his first misadventure, he is washed up on the shores of Lilliput and awakes to find himself tied down by a hundred tiny threads. He soon realizes that he is a captive in a land of tiny people; compared to them, he is a giant. The people soon put Gulliver to workfirst of a manual kind, then in a war with neighboring people over the way that eggs should be properly cracked. The people turn against him when Gulliver puts out a fire in the palace by urinating on it. The Second Gulliver manages to return home, but he soon wishes to get out into the world again. This time, he finds himself in a land where he is tiny compared to the giants who live there. After numerous close encounters with the large animals that populate the land, and achieving some fame for his tiny size, he escapes Brobdingnaga place he disliked because of the boorishness of its peoplewhen a bird picks up the cage in which he resides and drops it into the sea. The Third On his third voyage, Gulliver pass through a number of lands, including one whose people literally have their head in the clouds. Their land floats above the normal Earth. These people are refined intellectuals who spend their time in esoteric and entirely pointless pursuits while others live belowas slaves. The Fourth Gullivers final voyage takes him to a near utopia. He finds himself in a land of talking horses, called the Houyhnhnms, who rule over a world of brutish humans, called Yahoos. The society is beautifulwithout violence, pettiness or greed. All the horses live together in a cohesive social unit. Gulliver feels that he is a stupid outsider. The Houyhnhnms cannot accept him because of his human form, and he escapes in a canoe. When he returns home, he is upset by the sordid nature of the human world and wishes he were back with the more enlightened horses that he left. Beyond the Adventure Brilliant and insightful, Gullivers Travels, is not simply a fun adventure story. Rather, each of the worlds that Gulliver visits exhibits the features of the world in which Swift livedoften delivered in a caricatured, inflated form that is the stock in trade of a satirist. Courtiers are given influence with a king dependent on how well they are at jumping through hoops: a sideswipe at politics. Thinkers have their head in the clouds while others suffer: a representation of intellectuals of Swifts time. And then, most tellingly, humanitys self-regard is punctured when we are portrayed as the beastly and incoherent Yahoos. Gullivers brand of misanthropy is aimed at the lampooning and improvement of society through a form that is far removed from any kind of serious political or social tract. Swift has a deft eye for an excellent image, and a uproarious, often bawdy sense of humor. In writing Gullivers Travels, he has created a legend which endures up to our times and beyond.

Foreign Direct Investment (Brazil and Argentina) Essay

Foreign Direct Investment (Brazil and Argentina) - Essay Example However, business organizations whose primary objective is to make profit do not choose any country overnight for investing their resources. Each and every possible destinations of investment is thoroughly researched and analyzed by the organizations. In other words, it’s the nation’s responsibility to attract organizations by promoting different interesting facts regarding its demographics, economy and society. Organizations, before making final decisions regarding investment compare two or more countries on the basis of these dimensions. Over the past decade, South America has emerged as a major destination for the multinational corporations and Brazil and Argentina are the two of the most important countries in this part of the world. This paper attempts to portray a clear picture of these two countries in terms of their economy, demography, society and legal system. The paper includes a comparative analysis keeping these two countries as subject. ... Further information about this important member of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) is provided in the following sub-sections. Demographics Brazil is one of the most populated countries; in fact according to Central Intelligence Agency it is the fifth most populated country in the world. Currently, almost 203,429,773 people live in this South American giant. Average age of the country’s one fourth population falls within the range of 0-14 years, whereas the age of almost 67% of total population is found to be within the range of 15-64 years. Brazil’s population is one of the youngest populations in the world as the average age of all the males is 28.5 years and the same in case of females is 30.1 years. The country’s population is increasing at a rate of more than one percent (1.134%). Most of the people (almost 87%) in Brazil live in the urban areas. As far as the languages are concerned, most of the people prefer to speak Portuguese. However, there are ot her languages like Spanish, Italian, German and English that are also spoken. Almost 90% of Brazil’s total population is officially literate. More than 50% Brazilians are found to be ‘white’ and almost 75% are Roman Catholic (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). Political System Brazil is one of the largest democratic nations not only in South America but in the entire world. The government in the country is federal republic in nature. Brazil’s political system is a ‘multiparty’ system. In other words, the system allows the legal foundation of several political parties. This ‘Federative Presidentialist’ country is led by the President who acts both as the head of state and chief of different branches of the government. There are three important

You choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

You choose - Essay Example animals thus inappropriate management of the environment would culminate into detrimental impacts both to humans and to other living creatures (Houghton, 2005). Over decades, the relationship between humans and the environment has been unethical especially from the viewpoint of the environmentalist. This has been orchestrated especially by industrialization as well as an increase in the human population thus leading to a high demand in production to satisfy human needs. The increment in industrial activities and human actions as a result of high population growth rate has put more pressure on the natural environment resulting to global warming. In an attempt to intrinsically understand the nature, causes and implications of negative interaction between humans and the environment, this paper will focus on global warming, with analysis of the causes, results and recommendations towards environmental conservation. Global warming is a systematic rise in the earth’s average temperature and its related effects. Scientific evidence indicates that the climate is warming more than 90% of the additional stored in the climate since 1970. The resultant evidence of the climate change and the accompanied global warming is evidenced in the melting of the ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic regions thus pointing at the future change in events that could affect all living creatures. Scientific findings indicate that the increase in global warming is mainly contributed by an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases and other human activities. However, the future implications of global warming will be different from region to region, which will be influenced by an increase in the sea levels and changes in the precipitation patterns (Kosaka & Xie, 2013). Global warming is chiefly caused by too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, acting as a cover that holds heat and warms the planet. Life on earth depends on the energy from the sun, approximately half of the sun’s light

Each paper is on cultural relativism on the writings provided below Essay

Each paper is on cultural relativism on the writings provided below - Essay Example This fact cannot be denied that people believing in traditional healing systems will not go for biomedicine if they have firm believe in their culture and folk medicine procedures. Their beliefs should be respected and they should not be imposed that they must use the medicine that has no linkage with their culture. Even they should be facilitated with knowledge of their culture so that they can be provided with sufficient provision of needed support. AIDS is not a small or negligible disease as it keeps the capacity of killing a person. This disease is quite common in Africa and people make use of traditional or fold healing systems to get rid of this disease. It is essential for our researchers to make use of cultural herbal medicines and other ways of supporting people to get rid of their disease to facilitate the patients of AIDS with medicines that are not only biomedical but also traditional. Medical anthropologists have researched the topic of AIDS by keeping social and cultur al aspects in view and state that the disease cannot be understood well without understanding the environment and culture of people involved. The writers Singer and Baer (2007) use a term bioculturalism to define the linkage between biology and culture and according to their view, interaction between cultures and biology can be seen well by studying health and illness. AIDS as a disease can be well understood by gaining knowledge of the culture of the people as culture informs us about explaining, sensing and experiencing about pain. Biomedicine cannot be successful for any diseased person until and unless, the culture, political status and environment, all are not well understood. Sexually transmitted disease such as AIDS involves cultural beliefs and practices. According to Singer and Baer (2007), â€Å"disease expression is shaped by cultural values, beliefs and expectations† (12). Therefore, the notion cannot be negated AIDS as a disease in various parts of the world can be best understood, explained and cured by means of understanding the cultures of people. Culture plays a major part in giving value to its followers and also provides people with fighting against diseases in their own constructed and reliable manners. References Singer, Merrill and Baer, Hans A. (2007). Introducing medical anthropology: a discipline in action. Boulevard: Rowman Altamira. Ethnomedicine: The Worlds of treatment and Healing Ethnomedicine can be defined as a term that circulates all the kinds of traditional medicines and its study whether the medicinal procedures are well documented or not. However, the medicinal study and procedures that come under the title of ethnomedicine are well established and people rely on them from centuries due to which, they are well reputed. The writers, Singers and Baer in their book, â€Å"Introducing Medical Anthropology† give the description of ethnomedicine as something that has â€Å"transcended multiple cultural boundariesâ € , which means that ethnomedicine has got so much repute that culturally, it is well-liked in nearly all cultures. The writers use the term ethnomedicine against the term biomedicine, which can be defined as study of medicinal procedures and medicine that is adopted globally. Ethnomedicine also called

Consent Treatment Children

Consent Treatment Children This assignment will be an in depth exploration of consent to treatment in children as an issue affecting practice .An analysis of both ethical and legal perspectives relating to consent to treatment will be explored and the possible solutions will be highlighted .In ethical issues the following will be looked at : autonomy ,beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The legal issues such as duty of care and decision making will be analysed .The parental and professional responsibilities and their implications will be dealt with. The attached scenario examines some of the ethical and legal issues that may arise concerning parental decision making regarding surgery on children. It uses two cases, each of which raises issues concerning childrens competence to be involved in decisions; the notions of best interests and best health interests; how interests are related to wishes and welfare the role of parents in assessing best interests and parental rights in deciding for their children.T he scenario is attached on appendix 1 1.Ethics is relevant to clinical, practice-based issues and it affects all areas of nursing practice. It is concerned with right or wrong although agreeing on what is right can be challenging (Chaloner 2007).Ethics and law are closely related 2.In the healthcare practice the Utilitarian ethics (Bentham 1748-1932 and Mills 1806-1873 and the Deontological theories cited by Cooke and Hurley (2008)are commonly used to resolve moral dilemmas. The two theories take opposing views about the rightness and wrongness of acts and decisions. Patients are individual persons with their own opinions and aims in life, which require them to act intelligently in what they do. In order for them to act intelligently they need to be allowed to make their own decisions and given the right information. Deontology is a theory that says decision should be based on whether or not an action is morally right with no regard for the result or consequences. Utilitarianism is a theory that is bases decision on the greatest good for the greatest number (Videbeck 2006). Autonomy is the principle of self determination, freedom of choice or being your own person (Parker and Dickenson 2001). Chaloner (2007) viewed autonomy as the idea of moral reflection, for example choosing your own moral position and accepting responsibility for the kind of person you are In agreement with above definition ,Hendrick (2004) equated autonomy with integrity, dignity and independence and identified it with qualities such as self assertion and critical reflection .Autonomy literally means self rule. Respect for autonomy demands that healthcare professionals respect autonomous choices made by patients and that patients are not deceived about their diagnosis (Brazier 2003).For example the nurse respects the client’s autonomy through patient’s rights, informed consent and encouraging the client to make choices about his or her health care. Videbeck (2006) defined the principle of beneficence as one’s duty to benefit or to promote good for others. Maclean (2001)viewed beneficence as a positive obligation to provide and to balance benefits against risks and costs . From a nursing perspective the responsibility for the patient’s well being and avoiding actions that are detrimental to them as laid down within the code of conduct Therefore the principle of beneficence supports the obligation to do good. Nonmaleficence is the requirement to do no harm to others either intentionally or unintentionally(Videbeck 2006).It requires that one should not inflict harm to others .Contrary to beneficence ,nonmaleficence is a negative obligation which can only occur through an act of commission to inflict harm on others as opposed to an act of omission even when such an act of omission results in harm to another person. Justice refers to fairness ,that is treating all people fairly and equally without regard for social or economic status ,race ,sex, marital status religion or cultural beliefs (Stauch et al 2006, Videbeck 2006).The above principles have a significant in meaning in health care. Therefore the nurse can minimise the risk of lawsuits through safe competent nursing care and accurate documentation. For instance ,the clause of the Code of Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states that nurses have a duty of care to their patients who are entitled to receive safe and competent care. 3.Consent refers to the right of the individual in law to determine what shall be done to his or her body (Rodger 2000).This statement is supported by Griffith (2004) who clarifies that consent is a state of mind personal to the patient where they agree to the violation of bodily integrity. In clinical environment this includes the right of the individual to refuse treatment even if the outcome of this is detrimental and may even cause death. For consent to be valid in law a patient must be capable of making that decision (Tingle and Crib 2003). Dimond (2005) explains how capacity to consent was established in a case where a judge suggested a three part test to determine whether a patient possessed the capacity to consent :the patient must understand and retain the relevant information, he must believe in it and be able to weigh this information in the balance before reaching a decision (McHale and Tingle 2004).However this process should be free of any duress. The practical significance of the law of consent is that it encourages a patient’s trust , co-operation and confidence and it protects the practitioners from criminal charges and civil claims whey they treat patients. Failure to obtain consent may result in legal action or disciplinary procedures against the practitioner by their regulatory body (Rodgers 2000). Rational for choice. Children and young people are believed to be incapable of weighting the risks and benefits . Children, because of age-related reasons are a vulnerable population and protecting their health is a social ,scientific and emotional priory (Merlo et al 2007).They are considered to be vulnerable subjects with whom special protection is needed. The Mental Capacity Act (2005) concurs with above by providing a statutory framework to empower and protect vulnerable people who are not able to make their own decisions. The dying, the aged who may be unable to comprehend the implications of treatment and the mentally ill or those with learning disabilities all fall into the category and are considered to be vulnerable. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) clause 3.9 informs the nursing staff of their professional duty towards children in the matter of consent and maintains that nurses must be aware of the legislation and the local protocols. In the Royal Bristol Infirmary Inquiry ,Kennedy (200 1) highlighted that some of the recommendations were that the parents and the public should be included in decisions about their treatment and care of their children. Ibid (2001) suggested that for the future, children in hospital must be cared for in a child-centred environment, by staff trained in caring for children and in facilities appropriate to their needs. In the modern era, the ethics of nursing has shifted more toward the promotion of these rights and the duties of the nurse (McHale Gallagher 2003). This principle was identified previously in the Patients Charter: Services for Children and Young People (Department of Health, 1996) which highlighted the rights of children and young people to be involved in choices about their care and treatment. In order to design and deliver services around children and young people, their voices need to be heard and their perspectives acknowledged. Legal consent rests on the competence of the individual while the ethical aspects of consent are concerned with the respect and autonomy of the individual (Tschudin 2003). 5.Identify legal aspects make links with ethical concepts under discusion The present age of consent in children was established in the Family Law Reform Act 1969 (Dimond 2003) .Section one of this act gives a young person of 16 or 17 the statutory right to give consent in their own right, without also obtaining from their parents .A paternalistic decision must be made to protect the children from any harmful consequences, as the nature of medical decisions is complex( Chadwick and Tadd 2003). Recently there has been a growing recognition of the rights of children, backed by legal instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 and, in the UK, the Children Act 1989.Also the International Council of Nurses (ICN 2007) advocates for promoting the rights of the hospitalised child, including parental involvement in caring for the sick or institutionalised child or the child being cared for in the community. These represent a shift from a highly paternalist view to a more rights-based approach in recognising the rights of children to adult protection alongside a right to participate (Parekh, 2006).Children do have rights as enshrined from the international and national legislation. For example the United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child (1998) advocates for the rights of every child to self determination, dignity , respect, non-interference and the right to make informed decisions. The European Charter for Children in hospital (1988) states that children and parents have the right to informed participation in all decisions involving their health care. The legislation asserts that every child should be protected from unnecessary medical treatment and investigation. The Children Act 1989 insists that children’s wishes and feelings should be incorporated into the decision making concerning them. As observed in practice the tension between respecting and promoting children’s autonomy and recognising that often children need protecting from harm is not the one that can be easily be resolved.. DECISION MAKING PROCESS Ethical decision making is a rational way of making decisions in nursing practice. Decisions cannot be made in a scattered, disorganised way based on entirely on intuition or emotions. Wrong decisions are made because they are often made in haste, and may be based on past experience rather than new situations. Sometimes they are made without consultations and may be over-analysed (McGuire 2002).In making clinical decisions McGuire( 2002) agreed with Aiken (1994), six step process which is divided into six levels: identify, analyse data (2) State the dilemma (3) consider the choices of action (4) analyse the positives and negatives of each course of action (5)make the decisions (6) evaluate the effectiveness of the decision. With regard to the Children Act 1989 ,parental responsibility includes the right of parents to consent to treatment on behalf of their child provided that the treatment is in the child’s best interest (BMA 2005). However , in practice there can be conflicting obligations and ethical dilemma ,if the practitioner does not believe that the parents are acting in the child’s best interests. It was felt that Danny’s parents were not acting in his best interests. The practitioner can apply to the court for assistance under section eight of The Children’s Act 1989 to prohibit the parents from exercising their parental responsibility(McHale and Tingle 2004). Children under the age of 16 are not regarded automatically and legally competent to make decisions about their health care .Danny is below the age of 16 and his parents have the power to consent. However, they have refused to give consent and the given scenario is that Danny’s life is at risk. The healt h care professionals have the right to act in the best interest, Dimond (2003). If the nurse considers that the child may be exposed to significant harm as a result of the parents refusal of consent , then section 47 of the Children Act 1989 places a duty on the local authority to assess the situation and to decide the best way forward (Pocock 2003). In this scenario of Danny the actions of the nurses are consistent with the principle of beneficence. The principle of beneficence requires healthcare givers to strive to promote the interests of their clients by conferring benefits upon them (Maclean 2001).The ethical principle of nonmaleficence is executed for instance when the nurses consider that the patient may be exposed to a significant harm .The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE 2006) suggested that treatment and care should take into account patients individual needs and preferences. Good communication is essential, supported by evidence-based information to allow patients to reach informed decisions about their care. However, Danny is considered to be competent to give valid consent because he had demonstrated a level of competence equivalent to that of adults since he understood what is proposed (Department of Health, 2001). Kennedy and Grub (1998) cited by Griffith (2004) argue that for children to have ful ly autonomous they pass through three developmental stages :the child of tender age ,the Gillick competent child and children16 and 17 years old. This ruling came about as a result of the legal case Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority (1986) AC 112, which challenged the legal right of a medical practitioner to provide contraceptive advice and treatment to girls under the age of 16 without the consent of their parents (Mason and Laurie 2005). After lengthy legal proceedings, this trial was taken to the House of Lords. The Law Lords found in favour of the Health Authority. The key concept is that the child has the capacity to consent which has been referred to as Gillick or Fraser competence (DoH 2001). The Gillick Decision defined competence as the ability to understand information about the proposed treatment ,its purpose ,nature, risks and likely side effects(Shaw 2001).Although Danny’s parents had declined to give consent his behalf ,by law he was permitted to give his own consent. Danny was deemed ‘Gillick’ or ‘Fraser’ competent since he met the criteria laid down in th e assessment of capacity. He had demonstrated the he found out the benefits of the operation and that he could retained the information enough to relate it to the healthcare professionals involved. The principles of nonmaleficience and beneficence in nursing practice can lead to paternalism as pointed out by (Beauchamp and Childress 2001).The Children Act 1989 stipulates that parental responsibility includes the rights of parents to consent to treatment on behalf of their child provided that the treatment is in the child’s best interests(BMA 2005).This view of children’s rights in relation to autonomy and consent to treatment assumes that children are incompetent. However this paternalistic view does not consider the ethical principles of self-determination and autonomy of the child as laid down in the children Act( 1989) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).Consent in children also relies on the ethical principle of justice, which requires equal treatment for all with no discrimination on the basis of age. The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (DoH 2004) states that there has been a shift i n government policy to respect the autonomy of children. The issue of consent is related to the ethical principle of autonomy , an individual’s ability to make his or her decisions. It requires nurses to respect the choices clients make about their own lives (Hendrick 2000,NMC 2008).The utilitarian view would also support Danny being operated at the time, as it would correct and relieve the pain. Other options open to the nurse were to seek advice from the NMC advice service or to apply to the courts for an opinion in law as it was felt that Danny’s parents were not acting in his best interests. The other solution might have been to encourage Danny to share his feelings with his parents. Role of a Nurse As observed in practice the nurses’s decision about children’s consent can often be influenced by own experiences of parenthood. The Kennedy Report (2001) emphasised the need for specialist training to be given to healthcare professionals who deal with children regularly. The NMC( 2008) states that the nurse has a duty of care to the client. It sets out standards for achieving this duty of care, including obtaining consent from legally competent, informed person who gives consent voluntarily .For the children under the age of 16 awareness of local protocols and further guidelines from the should be followed .Nurses are often uncertain whether they should respect children’s wishes or whether they risk breaking the law (Lowsden 2002).However anxiety about litigation may lead to defensive practice, which is not in the child’s best interests. In order to promote greater respect for the children’s autonomy nurses should keep up date with legal development which may have a bearing on practice .In order to promote a greater respect for autonomy in children , the commonly held attitudes and prejudices about children’s rights need to be addressed through education and relevant training .Consent in children also relies on the ethical principle of justice which requires equal treatment for all with no discrimination on the basis of age .In the document ,the Essence of Care (DoH, 2003) the NHS encourages healthcare professionals to ensure that high quality of care by exploring the benefits of benchmarking .This document focuses on privacy ,dignity and modesty as the cornerstone of freedom and autonomy. The essence of care offers nurses a toolkit for comparing, sharing and reflecting on the best practices, in order to improve care offered to clients(Davies 2003).In agreement with the above section 2.2 of the (NMC 200 8) states that a nurse is accountable to promote and protect patients privacy and dignity. Ensure good communication with parents Nordam et al (2005) considers that good nursing care should involve the knowledge, language and communication between nurses and the members of the multidisciplinary team. Consultation with colleagues to ensure the best possible basis for the professional opinion is offered. Nurses and other healthcare professionals should ensure good communication with parents and as far as possible with the child, since communication is a two way and should attempt to ensure that both parties understand the other’s preferred options and the reasons for these. Therefore co-operation and communication between professionals will improve efficiency as well as promoting a conducive working environment. Renee (2007) supported the above by stating that developing an ethical framework will facilitate making a decision that is beneficial for both the patient and the nursing team. To conclude this assignment I would say that the principles of beneficence ,non maleficence ,justice autonomy and respect are the characteristics which all healthcare professionals should have in order to avoid ethical dilemmas and litigation. Nurses should continue to advocate for patients. The needs and safety of the patients must always come first.

U.S. vs Microsoft Essay -- Justice vs Microsoft

Microsoft Case Part I: The government has been looking into Microsoft since 1990, when the Federal Trade Commission first started examining charges of monopolistic behavior. In 1995, Microsoft and the U.S. Justice Department reached a settlement that required the company to change a variety of business practices, including key aspects of its licensing agreements with personal computer makers (2). Microsoft has grown into an enormous and powerful corporation by a combination of aggressive business practices and having written operating systems (DOS and Windows) for personal computers. From operating systems it branched out into other software which has, along with the operating system, become something of an industry standard. These software products include, but are not limited to, the Microsoft Office Suite and Internet Explorer browser. One of the leading questions is if this is a â€Å"good† state of affairs: should one company so dominate computing and the Internet when we rely so heavily upon it? The most recent lawsuit involves the Justice Department and 20 state attorneys general. They believe that Microsoft has used its monopoly in operating system software to protect its dominance and eliminate competitors. The government says that in the long run, consumers will be harmed, because there will be less competition and fewer choices. More specifically, the government contends that Microsoft has engaged in actions to preserve its Windows monopoly that violate antitrust laws. The government also maintains that the company has used the power of its Windows monopoly to attempt to monopolize the market for Internet browsing software. In addition, government lawyers allege that the company has committed other anti-competitive acts (2). In addition to the DOJ and the 20 states, several other players are part of the government team against Microsoft: Netscape/AOL, Sun Microsystems, Linux and the Open Source movement, and the Consumer Project on Technology. The keys concerns are illegal tying arrangements with Windows and Internet Explorer; illegal market division between Microsoft and Netscape; and predatory conduct/pricing between Microsoft and Netscape, MS Office and Word Perfect Office and Lotus Office Suite (3). Microsoft contends that it is simply trying to innovate its products. The company contends that its actions are legal and says that t... ... it has the ability to sell that software as it sees fit. Microsoft has a very large share of the operating system market, but Jackson is off base equating Microsoft to Standard Oil. As a consumer, I have a hard time getting upset with Microsoft in general. I like the idea of being able to go to most any computer in this country and immediately be able to use the software. Whether it be Windows or Office products, the look and feel are the same at home or at any workstation. Bibliography 1. Cringely, Robert X. â€Å"Hit Me, Slap Me, Make Me Write Bad Code†. I, Cringely – The Pulpit, (November 11, 1999). [http://www.pbs.org/cringely/pulpit/pulpit19991118.html] 2. Chandrasekaran, Rajiv. â€Å"U.S. vs Microsoft†. Washington Post, (January, 2000). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/microsoft/basics.htm] 3. Meeks, Brock. â€Å"Justice vs Microsoft†. MSNBC, (February 24, 2000). [http://www.msnbc.com/news/343334.asp] 4. Zittrain, Jonathan. â€Å"U.S. vs Microsoft: The Expert Opinion†. Chicago Tribune Internet Edition, (February, 2000). [http://chicagotribune.com/tech/news/ws/indx/0,1306,8297-16796,00.html]